BuSpar in the Treatment of Anxiety

BuSpar in the Treatment of Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print How Is BuSpar Used as an Anxiety Treatment? By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 21, 2019 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Dosage Contraindications Interactions Adverse Effects Social Anxiety Disorder Alternatives View All BuSpar (buspirone hydrochloride [HCL]) is a medication used to treat generalized anxiety.?? BuSpar is not related chemically or pharmacologically to other anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines or other sedatives. The effectiveness of BuSpar for treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been established.?? Bristol-Meyers Squibb obtained approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986 for use of buspirone (trade name BuSpar) to be used in the treatment of GAD. However, the patent expired in 2001 and buspirone is now sold as a generic drug. Verywell / Kelly Miller How BuSpar Works (Method of Action) Buspirone is from the azapirone class of medications, which includes other anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and antipsychotic medications. BuSpar has effects on neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and dopamine. Specifically, it is a serotonin receptor agonist, which means that it increases action at serotonin receptors in your brain, which in turn helps to alleviate anxiety. Buspirone is commonly used as an add-on to other medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for treatment of depression or anxiety, rather than a first-line treatment. BuSpar may also  be prescribed if other medications have been ineffective or involved too many side effects. It is most often prescribed for generalized anxiety disorder. Taking BuSpar BuSpar tablets should be taken consistently either with food or without. It is usually taken two or three times daily. The initial dose may be increased by 5 mg every 2 to 3 days, with a maximum dose that generally does not exceed 60 mg.?? Most patients respond to a dose in the range of 15 to 30 mg. BuSpar is slow acting, so it may take a few weeks to feel the effects.?? Your doctor will evaluate your situation and how you respond to the medication to determine the optimal length of time that you should take BuSpar. Typically, the medication is taken for several months up to a year. When your doctor decides that you should stop taking BuSpar, the dose will gradually be reduced, to help avoid potential effects of withdrawal. Who Shouldn’t Take BuSpar Buspar (buspirone hydrochloride) should not be taken by those with a hypersensitivity to the drug.?? Drug hypersensitivity refers to immune-mediated reactions to drugs, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. In cases of hypersensitivity, your doctor will discontinue the medication treatment.   Buspar should also be used with caution in persons with  compromised liver function or pre-existing medical conditions.?? Because removal of buspirone is mediated by liver enzymes, there may be increased blood concentrations of buspirone if the liver is not functioning normally. In addition, as buspirone can affect blood glucose levels, this is problematic for persons with diabetes. Buspar is not recommended for nursing mothers as there is evidence to suggest it may be secreted into breast milk.?? Its safety during pregnancy has also not been adequately studied. Medication Interactions BuSpar can potentially interact with numerous medications. The use of buspirone with  monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)  can result in increased blood pressure.?? In addition, medications that have action on liver enzymes, such as erythromycin, may increase or decrease concentrations of buspirone in the blood, which can lead to more side effects or a lack of effectiveness of the drug.?? For these reasons, it is important that your doctor is aware of all medications that you are taking before being prescribed BuSpar. In addition, it is best to avoid using alcohol while taking BuSpar.?? Mixing alcohol with BuSpar can lead to increased drowsiness and feeling lightheaded. More severe implications of this combination include problems with muscle control, memory, and breathing. Adverse Effects A range of adverse effects is possible when taking Buspar, including dizziness, nausea, headache, nervousness or excitement, and lightheadedness.?? Other more rare but potential adverse effects include the following: drowsiness, fatiguevomiting, upset stomach, stomach painconstipation, diarrheadry mouthdifficulty sleepingweakness, numbness?? The more common side effects are seen in about 10% of cases, while the rarer side effects are seen only in around 2% of people taking the medication.?? Side effects are more common when the medication is first taken and may lessen after a few weeks. Associated Risks Although BuSpar is less sedating than many other anxiety medications, use caution if driving, operating machinery or participating in hazardous activities. There is little risk of physical or psychological dependence on BuSpar, and the risk of overdose is low. BuSpar and Social Anxiety Disorder One small study from 1993 showed improvement after use of buspirone in a 12-week open trial with 17 patients with generalized social phobia based on DSM-III-R criteria (12 patients showed improvement).?? However, a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 30 patients with SAD in 1997 showed no improvement compared to placebo.?? These results suggest that buspirone as a single treatment option may not be helpful for social anxiety disorder that does not accompany other diagnoses. However, if you do not respond to other medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), buspirone may be an option to augment your current treatment plan.   Alternatives to BuSpar If BuSpar does not alleviate your anxiety or you are not able to take it due to a medical condition or medication interaction, your doctor can determine the best alternative medication or form of treatment for your situation. These might include benzodiazepines, SSRIs, or therapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Treatment Options for Generalized Anxiety Disorder A Word From Verywell If you have been prescribed BuSpar for anxiety, be sure to follow your doctors instructions and report any ill effects. If you find the medication is not making a difference in your symptoms after a few weeks, it might be worth asking your doctor whether another medication would be a better choice.

Climate Change Global Warming Essay - 1449 Words

Climate change is an urgent issue that is currently taking place. Climate change is increase of carbon dioxide, as a result of the use of fossil fuels and other factors. Climate change can also be portrayed as global warming, which includes severe weather, and excesses of rain or heat waves. Even though there has been means of addressing climate change, not much has been done in the government to minimize it. Climate change affects businesses, the environment, government, and can be diminished. The changes in the climate greatly affects production levels of food, and modes of transportation that ultimately harms businesses and the environment. Global warming causes stronger droughts and forest fires in certain places, while on other areas of the world there are heavier rains and floods. Climate change is known to have â€Å"adverse consequences such as the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, leading to rising sea levels† (The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), which creates the disappearance of regions near the ocean and extinguishes species from their habitats and the displacement of millions of people. In addition, rising sea levels also threatens crop production and aquaculture, as well as, the livelihood and food security of many delta inhabitants. For instance, due to abnormal droughts, there may be lack of water in the soil that is used to harvest or cultivating aquatic animals. Also, mass extinctions of more than half the species on the planet,Show MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? 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Climate change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather (including its averages). For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal (expected average values for temperature and precipitation)Read MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1630 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Related Threats Global warming will lead to uncontrollable devastation such as famine, war, and economic instability. Climate change will accelerate the dislocation of hundreds of millions of people and the extinction of many species. The negative effects of climate change are obvious on every continent. Professor Le Quere, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia said, The human influence on climate change is clear. The atmosphere and

Team Communication Essay example - 1141 Words

Team communication is vital in many aspects of our professions. It is human nature to coexist with others in various roles: be it in the military, emergency medicine, football, or even school. The American Heritage Dictionary (n.d.) defines communication as the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. While serving in the United States Armed Forces, service members have to learn to take orders from those that are ranked higher than themselves. But it is also critical to be able to listen to those who are subordinates as well. The team concept and bonding with fellow sailors, Marines, soldiers, or airmen can be the difference between life and death. When out at sea on a ship there†¦show more content†¦But many times, emergency medicine may be initialized by emergency medical technicians, paramedics, firefighters, or police officers in the field. Many of the communication tools used in the emergency room have to be incorporated by these first responders. A massive team effort is required at times between various departments when dealing with a medical emergency outside of a hospital setting. Many times, the police arrive to an emergency first. They may be required to perform CPR until the paramedics with the fire department arrive. Once they get to the scene, they w ill take over most emergency functions, but will need a report from the officers detailing what they found and how many cycles of CPR they have performed. The paramedics will determine whether they need to transport the patient to the nearest hospital by ambulance or, in an extreme emergency, by medical helicopter. Once the crew arrives at the emergency room, the paramedics must give their report to the hospital staff so that they can take over and perform their life-saving duties. 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And it can be possible that he/she are able to convince theRead MoreCommunication in Virtual Team1524 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 1 Communication in Virtual Team Capella University September 26, 2013 Communication Communication is the activity of conveying information though the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information by speech, visuals, signals, writings or behaviors (Grosse, 2002). These processes are done over time, culture, and geographic boundaries, while this has become a common practice for organizations and has give rise to the concept of globally dispersed teams known as virtual teams (LaLondeRead MoreTeam Communication Skills1014 Words   |  4 PagesTeam Communication Skills In addition to good individual communication skills, the team itself needs to form communication skills. Cohen (2008) looks in detail of the communication skills the team should establish for good overall communication. 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The Crucible Essay Free Essays

When you’re scared, sometimes it’s hard to go with your gut feeling, right? It may be hard to stick up for yourself, or stand up for what is right. This is the feeling most of The Crucible characters probably felt. Reverend Parris, Abigail Williams, and John Proctor are good examples of how fear and hysteria can destroy good judgment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reverend Parris had one of the most difficult times with keeping his good judgment, especially since he was supposed to be leading the church in Salem. Since nobody in the town really liked Parris anyways, when rumors started spreading about his daughter and niece using witchcraft, he came to be terrified. He thought they would try to over throw him as minister. Parris did anything he could to save his reputation such as interfering with the trials. This concludes why, in the end, Reverend Parris can never succeed in being a good person. Abigail Williams is similar to Parris in the fact that she is scared out of her mind. Even before the story even started, there was chaos with her. Having an affair with john proctor made her scared about her job and his wife, Elizabeth. Her good judgment was destroyed at this point because then she goes out into the woods with other girls and performs witchcraft. Then when she was accused of it, she lies and blames other people of the town, instead of owning up to it. Not to mention why she was doing the witchcraft to begin with, to kill Elizabeth Proctor essay writer for you. She did all of this because she was scared. Last but not least is John Proctor. Again, after he had an affair with Abigail Williams, he became frightened for many reasons. He didn’t like that he was now titled a hypocrite, and he was scared of his wife finding out. This destroys his good judgment because now, he is lying about everything. In the end, however, John Proctor confesses to the affair and is forgiven, which is a good example for everyone. John dies with a clean slate. In conclusion, The Crucible shows the effects of fear on a society. When one is scared of losing their position or rank, like Reverend Parris, it disables them to succeed. Also, when one is desperate for attention, then one acts out and loses control. Finally, however, some are able to face fear head on by staying strong even unto death, like John Proctor. How to cite The Crucible Essay, Essays

Medieval News Essays - English Grammar, Shall And Will, Verbs

Medieval News New Laws of William the Conqueror to be used. The new laws made by William the conqueror, King of the English, shall be put into place on Sunday. The new laws set by his Majesty are as follows: 1. First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans. 2.We decree also that every freeman shall affirm by oath and compact that he will be loyal to king William both within and without England, that he will preserve with him his lands and honor with all fidelity and defend him against his enemies. 3.I will, moreover, that all the men I have brought with me, or who have come after me, shall be protected by my peace and shall dwell in quiet. And if any one of them shall be slain, let the lord of his murderer seize him within five days, if he can; but if he cannot, let him pay me 46 marks of silver so long as his substance avails. And when his substance is exhausted, let the whole hundred in which the murder took place pay what remains in common. 4.And let every Frenchman who, in the time of King Edward, my kinsman, was a sharer in the customs of the English; pay what they call "scot and lot", according to the laws of the English. This decree was ordained in the city of Gloucester. 5.We forbid also that any live cattle shall be bought or sold for money except within cities, and this shall be done before three faithful witnesses; nor even anything old without surety and warrant. But if anyone shall do otherwise, let him pay once, and afterwards a second time for a fine. 6.It was decreed there that if a Frenchman shall charge an Englishman with perjury or murder or theft or homicide or "ran", as the English call open rapine which cannot be denied, the Englishman may defend himself, as he shall prefer, either by the ordeal of hot iron or by wager of battle. But if the Englishman be infirm, let him find another who will take his place. If one of them shall be vanquished, he shall pay a fine of 40 shillings to the king. If an Englishman shall charge a Frenchman and be unwilling to prove his accusation either by ordeal or by wager of battle, I will, nevertheless, that the Frenchman shall acquit himself by a valid oath. 7.This also I command and will, that all shall have and hold the law of the king Edward in respect of their lands and all their possessions, with the addition of those decrees I have ordained for the welfare of the English people. 8. Every man who wishes to be considered a freeman shall be in pledge so that his surety shall hold him and hand him over to justice if he shall offend in any way. And if any such shall escape, let his sureties see to it that they pay forthwith what is charge against him, and let them clear themselves of any complicity in his escape. Let recourse be had to the hundred and shire courts as our predecessors decreed. And those who ought of right to come and are unwilling to appear, shall be summoned once; and if for the second time they refuse to come, one ox shall be taken from them, and they shall be summoned a third time. And if they do not come the third time, a second ox shall be taken from them. But if they do not come the fourth summons, the man who is unwilling to come shall forfeit from his goods the amount of the charge against him --"ceapgeld" as it is called -- and in addition to this a fine to the king. 9. I prohibit the sale of any man by another outside the country on pain of fine to be paid in full to me. 10. I also forbid that anyone shall be slain or hanged for any fault, but let his eyes be put out and let him be castrated. And this command shall not

Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Essays

Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Essays Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Paper Capital Punishment, Tommy Douglas Paper Navi Sahsi 1740495 English 102 Section 143 Colleen Irwin March 14/11 Tommy Douglas’ â€Å"Capital Punishment† focuses on the negatives aspects of the death sentence in Canada. â€Å"I am in favour of the motion to abolish capital punishment and I am also supporting the amendment to put it on a five-year trial basis† (Tommy Douglas 558). Being a person who lives abroad in the public with millions of others, I must say I disagree with Douglas’ argument as to abolishing the punishment, as I feel having capital punishment would indefinitely reduce the murder rate in our country as well as deter criminals from even having slightest thought of committing a murder in the first place. Also, the notwithstanding clause (Section 33) in our legal system which states the government can override a number of our personal freedoms is an obvious bump in our legal system; which apparently has abolished capital punishment although the system still seems to have enough power to have someone sentenced to death even if it is indirect. Capital punishment is a very important tool in our criminal justice system today. There are various reasons it should be reinstated in Canada and remain in effect in places where it still takes place. There is undeniable proof that it is in fact a deterrent in committing crimes. â€Å"How capital punishment affects murder rates can be explained through general deterrence theory, which supposes that increasing the risk of apprehension and punishment for crime deters individuals from committing crime. Nobel laureate Gary S. Beckers seminal 1968 study of the economics of crime assumed that individuals respond to the costs and benefits of committing crime. According to deterrence theory, criminals are no different from law-abiding people. Criminals rationally maximize their own self-interest subject to constraints (prices, incomes) that they face in the marketplace and elsewhere† (David Muhlhausen 2009). One of the most basic human instincts that we have is self-preservation. This is defined as â€Å"the wish to stay alive and protect yourself from things that might hurt you† (Dictionary. com). Knowing that murdering someone will cost you your own life in return certainly violates the definition of preserving one self. Capital punishment has been used since the beginning of man kind to deter and punish the most heinous crimes committed by some of the most dangerous and hardened criminals. All countries around the world, view capital punishment as a way to give criminals what they deserve and to rid the world of the people who have the distorted mental state of mind to murder. People who protest and argue the laws on capital punishment don’t realize that these ruthless criminals being put to death would kill the very same people protesting to keep them alive in an instant without hesitation. Perhaps solitary confinement over long periods of time instead of death may be a reasonable alternative but definitely would not make as much an impact as the penalty of death on people who commit these horrid crimes all around the world. â€Å"Using a panel data set of over 3,000 counties from 1977 to 1996, Professors Hashem Dezhbakhsh, Paul R. Rubin, and Joanna M. Shepherd of Emory University found that each execution, on average, results in 18 fewer murders. †(Muhlhausen 2009). At the least, sentancing should be conditional, meaning I agree with Tommy Douglas’ statement in the fact that there should be a 5 year trial if needed, but in addition, to avoid wrongful convictions, a person may only be sentenced to death if a certain amount of physical evidence is found against him, instead of taking the word of witnesses and perhaps loved ones of the deceased who obviously would prefer the suspect be killed, as this has proven faulty in the past. Most wrongful convictions, according to one analysis, result from mistakes by witnesses or witness perjury, the negligence of prosecutors, or errors in forensic science. Canada has seen too many innocents condemned to hanging in the past and life imprisonment in the present -for capital punishment to make a comeback in the twenty-first century† (Ray Argyle 2010). The fact that so many people had been wrongfully convicted before the abolishment of the law shows that there were obviously flaws in past legal s ystem in terms of evidence and unveiling of the truth. The last point I want to make is about the not withstanding clause which we have in Canada. This law allows government to override our rights from section 1-15 in the charter. These include our personal freedoms as well as the rights to avoid cruel and unusual punishments by the government. The point being, in special cases where someone commits a serious offence in the United States, although he may be arrested in Canada, he can be intentionally sent to America to be tried. In August 2003, it heard the case of Roger Judge, a man who had escaped from prison and, in June of that year, had fled to Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec. Judge had been convicted of two counts of first degree murder and possession of an instrument of crime. Here the Canadian government had agreed to extradition without first seeking assurances that he would not receive the death penalty (Andrew Thompson). † So although the government has abolished the law it is not completely out of reach to have one killed indirectly if necessary Support for mandatory death falls of rapidly as the seriousness of the murder diminishes under law; only 13% want mandatory execution when a citizen is intentionally killed(non-capital murder) where as only 4% see a passionate killing(2nd degree) as deserving a death sentence† (David Chandler 45). Perhaps the large difference in opinion among the general public is why the law has simply been abolished. After all, abolishing it seems was the easy way out, even though some considered capital punishment was the easy way out, as simply killing a killer seemed the fastest and most logical thing to do. Or perhaps it is because a death sentence results in 2-3 times more money spent by tax payers due to legal fees as a death row convict is on average in a continues legal battle for 15-20 years. â€Å"Judges, attorneys, court reporters, clerks, and court facilities all require a substantial investment by the taxpayers (Joe Messerli 2010). † Whether it’s to do with the decrease/increase murder rate, the notwithstanding clause, or the money from tax payers it requires, capital punishment seems to be illogical in the eyes of the majority of the public in Canada so it has been abolished, but perhaps one day we will realize the benefits of it. After all the golden rule in many schools and universities of the civilized world is â€Å"Treat others how you want to be treated,† and killing others is simply something criminals need to realize is not tolerable and the only way to force them into having empathy for others is simply by the death of their fellow murderers. Essays: Douglas, Tommy. â€Å"Capital Punishment. † Steps to Writing Well with Additional Readings: Classic and Contemporary Reading Supplement. Eds. Jean Wyrick and Sarika P. Bose. Toronto: Nelson (2005): 558-62 Online Articles: Argyle, Ray. â€Å"Reasonable Doubts. Canada’s History; Vol. 90 (2010/11): 34-39 Muhlhausen, David B. The Death Penalty Should Not Be Abolished. Crime and Criminals. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. Messerli, Joe. â€Å" balancedpolitics. org/death_penalty. html† Scholarly Sources: Chandler, David. â€Å"Capital Punishment in Canada. † The Carlton Library. Eds. Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: McClelland and Stewert Ltd (1976) Thompson, Andrew S. â€Å"Uneasy Abolitionists: Canada, the Death Penalty, and the Importance of International Norms (1962-2005). †

Profiles of Famous Black Scientists

Profiles of Famous Black Scientists Black scientists, engineers, and inventors have made important contributions to society. These profiles of famous people will help you learn about black scientists, engineers, inventors and their projects. Key Takeaways: Famous Black Scientists Famous black scientists include Mae Jemison, George Washington Carver, and Charles Drew.Although these scientists often faced discrimination, both men and women made significant contributions to science.Black scientists were innovators, inventors, and pioneers who made astounding discoveries. Patricia Bath In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Melvin Oatis and Dr. Patricia Bath attend TIME Celebrates FIRSTS on September 12, 2017 in New York City. Ben Gabbe / Getty Images George Washington Carver George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who discovered industrial uses for crop plants such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, and soybeans. He developed methods for improving the soil. Carver recognized that legumes return nitrates to the soil. His work led to crop rotation. Carver was born a slave in Missouri. He struggled to gain an education, eventually graduating from what was to become Iowa State University. He joined the faculty of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1986. Tuskegee is where he performed his famous experiments. George Washington Carver in Laboratory. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Marie Daly In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Mae Jemison Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Mae Jemison speaks to students at Woodrow Wilson High School on March 19, 2009 in Washington, DC. Brendan Hoffman / Getty Images Percy Julian Percy Julian developed the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine. Dr. Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but educational opportunities for African Americans were limited in the South at that time, so he received his undergraduate degree from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. His research was conducted at DePauw University. Samuel Massie Jr. In 1966, Massie became the first black professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, making him the first black to teach full-time at any US military academy. Massie received a masters degree in chemistry from Fisk University and a doctorate in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. Massie was a professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy, became the chairman of the department of chemistry and co-founded the Black Studies program. Garrett Morgan Garrett Morgan is responsible for several inventions. Garret Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky in 1877. His first invention was a hair straightening solution. October 13, 1914, he patented a Breathing Device which was the first gas mask. The patent described a hood attached to a long tube that had an opening for air and the second tube with a valve that allowed air to be exhaled. On November 20, 1923, Morgan patented the first traffic signal in the U.S. He later patented the traffic signal in England and Canada. Norbert Rillieux Norbert Rillieux invented a revolutionary new process for refining sugar. Rillieux’s most famous invention was a multiple effect evaporator, which harnessed steam energy from boiling sugarcane juice, greatly reducing refining costs. One of Rillieuxs patents was initially declined because it was believed he was a slave and therefore not a US citizen (Rillieux was free). Katherine Johnson Katherine Johnson (born August 26, 1918) made major contributions to the United States space program in the field of digital electronic computers. The book and movie Hidden Figures feature the significance of her work. Katherine Johnson (middle) at the 89th Annual Academy Awards. FilmMagic / Getty Images James West James West (born February 10, 1931) invented the microphone in the 1960s. He holds 47 US patents and over 200 foreign patents for microphones and polymer foil electrets. Wests transducers are used in over 90 percent of microphones in use today. Ernest Everett Just Ernest Just (1883-1941) was an African-American scientist and teacher. He pioneered research into cell development and fertilization. Benjamin Banneker Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was a self-educated astronomer and mathematician. He surveyed the land that became the nations capitol. Banneker exchanged letters with Thomas Jefferson to further the cause of racial equality.